Personality

PERSONALITY by Allport are:

    ... A dynamic organization within the psychic and physical systems that determine the characteristics of individual behavior and thoughts.
Meanwhile, according to Pervin and John:

    represent personality characteristics of individuals consisting of patterns of thoughts, feelings and behaviors that are consistent.
In the theories of personality, personality trait consists of, among others, and type (type). Trait itself is described as a theoretical construct that describes the unit / basic dimensions of personality. Trait describes the consistency of individual responses in different situations. While the type is a grouping of the various trait. Compared with the concept of trait, type have a level of regularity and greater generality than the trait.
Trait is a disposition to behave in certain ways, as reflected in the behavior of people in various situations. Personality trait theory is a theory that is based on several assumptions, namely:

    Trait is a consistent pattern of thoughts, feelings, or actions that distinguish one person from another, so that:
        Relatively stable trait over time
        Trait consistent from situation to situation
    Trait is the basic tendency that persist for life, but the characteristic behavior can be changed because:
        there is an adaptive process
        the difference in strength, and
        combination of existing trait
Basic personality trait levels change from late adolescence to adulthood. McCrae and Costa believe that during the period from age 18 to 30 years, he was in the process of adopting a stable trait configuration, the configuration that remained stable after the age of 30 years (Feist, 2006).
Trait theory first raised by Gordon W. Allport. Allport addition, there are two other experts who developed this theory. They are Raymond B. Cattell and Hans J. Eysenck.
Allport introduced the term central trait, namely a collection of words that are usually used by people to describe an individual. Central trait believed to be a window into the personality of a person. According to Allport, the basic unit of personality is a trait whose existence was based on the nervous system. Allport believes that trait unify and integrate the person's behavior cause someone with a similar approach (either objective or plan) to different situations. However, two people who have the same trait does not always show the same action. They can express their trait in different ways. The difference is what makes each individual a unique individual. Therefore Allport believes that individuals can only be understood partially when using tests that use group norms.
Just as Allport, Cattell also believed that the words used to describe the person himself and others is an important clue to the structure of personality. The fundamental difference between Allport and Cattell Cattell believe is that the personality can be generalized. What should be done is to search base or the main trait of thousands of existing trait.
According to Allport, genetic and environmental factors are equally influential in determining human behavior. Not only its own genetic or environmental factors alone that determines how personality is formed, but through the reciprocal influence of genetic and environmental factors that gave rise to personality characteristics.
Regarding a genetic role in the formation of personality, there are 4 important insights that need attention:
1. Although genetic factors play an important role towards the development of personality, non-genetic factors still have a role for variation personality 2. Although genetic factors are important in influencing the environment, non-genetic factor is the factor most responsible environmental differences in people 3. Experiences in the family is important, although the family environment is different for every child in relation to the type of child gender, birth order, or a unique event in the lives of families in each child. 4. Although there is a strong genetic contribution to personality trait, does not mean that the trait is fixed or can not be influenced by the environment.
Source reading:
Cooper, C.L., & Payne, R. (1991). Personality and stress: Individual differences in the stress process. England: John Wiley & Sons Ltd..
Feist, J. & Feist, G. J. (2006). Theories of personality. (Ed. Go-6). New York: McGraw-Hill Inc..
Hjelle, L.A., & Ziegler, D.J. (1992). Personality theories. Singapore: McGraw Hill Book.
McCrae, R.R., & Allik, J. (2002). The Five Factor Model of Personality across Cultures. New York: Kluwer Academic / Plenum Publishers.
Pervin, L. A. (1993). Personality: theory and research. (Ed.-6). Canada: John Wiley & Sons.
Pervin, L. A. (1996). The Science of personality. USA: John Wiley & Sons
Linzey & Hall. (1993). Theories of personality. (4th ed.) New York: John Wiley & Sons. 

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