The development is a process of change leading to things more perfect, then at each phase, an individual must successfully perform the tasks of development, stage by stage. Failure of an individual development tasks at a time, will hamper the success of the next development task. One important thing that determines success or failure of a person running the task is the development environment. Environment is first and foremost for each person is family, the point of parents, more specifically, mothers. For a mother, observing a developing child is very exciting.
Changes in the development of a baby who can only passively supine, then to prone, sitting, standing, walking up to actively running, and from when it does not understand anything, raving, then to speak, is the scenery and events is amazing. A mother will tend to feel anxious when the development of their children did not show progress as expected. But sometimes these things that are expected less out of place. Often the expectation arises because comparing it with other child development that age. For it needs to be clarified.
According to some psychologists that every child has a date / time and rhythm of development that is not the same. There are children who have a fast tempo is a slow development. There are children who remain spirited child, but some are quick to think and act like an adult. There are children who smooth the process of its development during childhood, some are more fluent in adolescence. Developments are often menggelombang, not walk straight. At some point someone has a calm nature rebellious nature, followed the next while, but eventually calm shake again. This principle has concluded that children whose chronological age is not always the same experience level and the properties of a similar development.
The development can be divided into physical development, intellectual development, language development and psychosocial development. This development is a unified whole, the division is solely to facilitate the observation, diagnosis and treatment when there is a deviation (Hardjono, 2003). A development is said to have distortion if the show you things that are not as they should. Ke'semestian "This is a general feature of human development. For example, children aged 2 years was said to have physical irregularities, if at this age he has not been able to walk. Children aged 3 years is said to have deviations emotions at this age if he had not been able to communicate, etc.. In connection with it, thus deviations or abnormalities perkembanganpun includes 4 aspects: physical, mental / intellectual, language and psychosocial. Children who experience these irregularities or abnormalities, among Professional-called special children. Called that, in addition to specificity of its development, children with certain disorders, have the need and the way that special treatment too. The following will discuss the outline.
Physical disorders:
Physical development starts from the age of the baby and stop when the child was about 17 th. In infancy, a person is in the full dependence on others to be able to sustain life. At this time a person experiences the process of growth and development that produces a gradual change in both size, shape, feeling up to their behavior
According to figures such as psychology and J. Erikson HE Piaget, physical abnormalities may include impaired development of sensory motor function of children, particularly in terms of the function of vision, hearing and brain function. Therefore, belonging in this disorder are:
Blind.
Blind are persons who have visual acuity 20/200 or less in either eye, although with wearing glasses, or a narrow vision in such a small area so that the largest angular distance of no more than 20 degrees (Daniel P. Hallahan et al, 1982; p. : 284, in Mardiati Busono, l988).
Blind can be divided into two major groups, namely total blindness and lack of vision (low vision). People say if not totally blind can see two fingers in his face or just see the light or fairly light can be used for mobility orientation. They can not use a letter other than braille. As for those who are classified as low vision, is that when they see something, must be brought near the eye, or eyes should be kept away from the object he saw, or those who have pemandngan blurred when looking at objects. To overcome the problems of vision, the people with low vision uses glasses or lens box. In addition to the two classifications above, sometimes with visual impairment classification is based on when the occurrence of blindness, whether from birth, after age 5 years, after a teenager or adult. The division by taking into account the emergence of this year based on the assumption ketunetraan influence on other aspects of development. However, according to the specific research cited by WD Wall and translated by Bratantyo (l993), that the problems of intellectual, emotional and social development of blind children, not unlike children who have healthy vision. The difference only leads to not have the experience, except if perkembangnnya saved by cutting-edge technology.
Deaf.
People with hearing impairment are those who have barriers to the development of oendengar senses. Deaf can not hear voices or sounds. Since it is not able to hear voices or sounds, the ability berbicaranyapun sometimes be disturbed. As we know, the skills of speaking is often determined by how often one hears other people talk., A result of children with hearing impairment as well as a barrier to speak and be mute. To communicate with others, they use the language of the lips or sign language. As blind children, they have the potential for a similar development with other children who did not experience any barriers to progress.
Disabled
Quadriplegic is a person with physical, especially of limbs, like arms, legs, or body shape. Deviation developments occurred on the size, shape, or other conditions. Because this condition can begin from birth, or when passing through the process of childhood that may be caused by drugs or an accident. Actually, in general they have the same opportunities for self-actualization. But often, because the environment is less trusting his ability, too put compassion, disabled children have little psychological barriers, such as insecure and dependent on others. Consequently appearance and their presence in public life is less taken into account. Therefore, treatment during this regard is a quadriplegic patient who is unable to meet the needs for life, need to be reviewed again. With technological advances, as now, people with physical abnormalities can get a more decent living facilities and adequate.
2. Tuna and mentally retarded / abnormal intellectual / mental disorders
Intellectual mental development is development in terms of symbolic thinking, intuitive thinking, preoperational thinking, and developments in information processing. In concrete terms this intellectual mental development can we see when children give names to her doll, or any other play, when anakbermain a mother figure who diidolakannya atausiapapun, when children are able to describe something that he imagined, when the kids think the dream is as real, when the child concludes that these objects matipun have the desire, feelings and thoughts like himself, and bahkanketika children sudahmampu mengklasifikan and draw conclusions on something concept.
According to a prominent developmental psychology J. Piaget, mental development started in conjunction with sensory motor function, ie since the age of 0-2 yr. It is said also by some other psychological experts, that the relationship of physical condition of the main functions of sensory motor with mental development, it is very big. The assumption was that with the increasing ability of children physically, children will explore the environment and absorb information that will help-infprmasi intellectual mental development. There is a tendency of the faster development of children's physical, mental ability intelektualnyapun will rapidly expand.
Mental disorders, is a condition in which a child has to think as barriers to the above. Or even if capable, then the quality of the results berfikirkan far from the expected. Presence or absence of mental abnormality intellectual certainty demonstrated by the results of psychological tests, especially intelligence tests.
From the test it will be acquired image, whether a person has an average intelligence level (90-109), under (39-89) or above (140-169). Someone said to have an intellectual diversion if it has a number of intelligence below average and genius. According to Azwar (l996), from the history of the cause, mental disorders are divided into 2 types, namely weak and mentally retarded. People with mental weakness usually does not show signs of physical abnormalities, had no history of illness or injury that causes mental damage. In other words mental weakness suffered by not having an organic basis, but often found that the patient does have a line of mental retardation in the family.
As for the mentally disabled, is caused by abnormalities in brain injury, illness or accidents that result in abnormal mental growth. Cause it can occur while still in the womb, during childhood, even after leading an adult.
The gradations can be found that mental disorders are quite varied as follows:
Moron: IQ: 50 -70
Imbeciles IQ: 25-50
Idiot IQ: below 25.
According to Telford and Sawrey (in Azwar, l998), in addition to the level of intelligence, some criteria for the identification of mental disorders was determined also by the criteria of adaptive behavior, learning ability criteria, and criteria of social adjustment.
3. The delay and language disorder
According to experts, the development of language functions is the most complex process among all phases of development (Hardiono Pusponegoro, 2003). The function of language is often the best indicator of the presence or absence of developmental disorder of intellect. Together with the development of sensory motor, language development function will be a function of social development.
Language development requires the function of receptive and expressive. Receptive function is the ability of children to recognize and react to someone, the incidence of the surrounding environment, understand the purpose of expression and tone suaru and finally understand the words. Expressive function is the ability of children to express pikirnnya, starting from preverbal communication (before the child can speak), communication with facial expressions, body movements and finally by using words. The possibility of language difficulties have a lot of rethinking when a child reaches late stages of the language unit that is suitable for their age. Units that language can be a sound, words, and sentences. Furthermore, language function is also regulated by the rules of grammar, that is how the votes to form words, words form sentences correctly and so on. Delay talk occurs in 3-15% of children, and is a development disorder that most often occur. As many as 1% of children who experience delays in speaking, still unable to speak. Thirty percent of children who have mild delays will heal itself, but 70% of them will have difficulty speaking, less clever or other learning difficulties. A child has been delayed language development if:
do not want to smile socially to 10 weeks, do not make a sound as an answer to the age of 3 months
There is no concern about until the age of 8 months
Not talk to age 15 months
Not to say 3-4 words until age 20 months
Causes of speech and language disorders is partly because:
Central nervous system (brain): This is mental disorders including, autism, attention disorders, and brain damage.
The presence of hearing loss, visual disturbances and abnormalities of speech organs.
Emotional and environmental factors: the child does not receive sufficient stimulation from the environment. Where children who lack such stimulation also had less to eat or child abuse, the language disorders may be more severe because the cause is not a mere deprivation but also neurological disorders due to malnutrition or child abus. mutisme selective, usually seen in children aged 3-5 years, that does not want to talk in certain circumstances, for example at school or if there is a particular person. Or sometimes he would only talk to certain people, usually older children. The situation is more associated with the disorder known as neurosis or disturbance of motivation.
Cumulative factors over
4. Psychosocial disorders
Psychosocial development is associated with the development of an individual's understanding of social situations in their environment. In real terms, this psychosocial include how a person knows what another person feels, how to express his feelings in a way acceptable to the environment. In addition, psychosocial also associated with a child's ability to break away from the mother or somebody close by and perform the given tasks independently. At the same time, it also includes psychosocial development of a child's understanding of the regulations that exist in the vicinity.
Thus the meaning of psychosocial disorders are disorders related to emotional functioning, and attention to surroundings. aya.
Some irregularities or behavioral disorders arising in connection with these functions include:
Emotional disorders, emotional disturbances seen through such extreme behavior was too aggressive, too pulled away, screaming, silence, too happy or too sad. This extreme behavior that does not appear within a minute and in inappropriate situations. Society sometimes membeei labels on those who have these barriers as "bad boy" for example.
Attention disorders, attention disorders appear as a child's difficulty in giving attention to surrounding objects, even in a time not long. Included in these disorders is hyperactivity, difficulty concentrating (adhd) and autism. At first glance, people with this disorder can look like a child with mental retardation, behavioral disorders, hearing loss or even odd and eccentric behavior. More difficult again is all of the above symptoms can occur simultaneously, so that it can be said that children who have attention disorders include a complex disorder. To determine whether a child has this attention disorders, especially autism, needs to be done by doctors, psychologists, therapists, teachers and the main information of parents, about the history of its development.
Detection of abnormal development can be done by parents from an early age. The faster the older people found abnormalities in her child will get better and easier to maintain. As the experts say that the presence or absence of changes in the quality of child development to some extent is a result of habituation applied by their parents. A child who is accustomed to find a pleasant environment (air air, light, sound) and do not experience things that are scary or uncertain department will tend to foster feelings of trust anything. Conversely, if a child is raised by an unpleasant habit, he will grow into a child who easily believe something suspicious or not, cold and indifferent. Even expected, those who do not get the fun things that will grow into a person who does not have compassion.
H. Erikson (in Gunarsa, l980), says that the key is on sensory function as the first tool to make relationships and social experiences on the estuary affect the reaction and attitude of someone in the future. Because the child or infant most often obtain food by mouth, so he was first confronted with the social environment through the mouth. Children will feel the social relations of the first-2 is through the things that kualitatis than quantitative matters, such as the frequency of obtaining food. In other words the child will feel the warmth of love from the mother or guardian, by the way gives food, how to breastfeed, how to bring laughter and talking with children as well as other ways, which is shown to indicate the existence of the child. This experience will henceforth be a provision for a child or someone when through long days are more complex in later days, when he passed the next phases.
Apparently, powerlessness will become formidable, when attention and care given by loved ones ....
source : http://rumah-optima.com/optima/artikel-psikologi
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